Reading well is work that is hard requires great skill and training.
Both in the summary as well as the paraphrase we’ve quoted Curtis’s «clustering together in a ball that is dense» a phrase that lies at the heart of her description of wintering honeybees. For people to describe this clustering in virtually any language apart from Curtis’s will be pointless since her description is admirably precise.
Quoting Authoritative Language
You will also want to use quotations that lend authority to your projects. When quoting a professional or some prominent political, artistic, or historical figure, you raise up your own work by placing it in esteemed company. Quote respected figures to ascertain background information in a paper, along with your readers will have a tendency to perceive that information as reliable. Quote the opinions of respected figures to endorse some statement that you’ve made, along with your statement becomes more credible to your readers. As an example, in an essay you could make use of a passage from Thoreau’s Walden that you might write on the importance of reading well:
It «is a exercise that is noble» writes Henry David Thoreau in Walden, «and something which will task your reader a lot more than any exercise that the customs for the day esteem. It takes an exercise like the athletes underwent. Books must be read as deliberately and reservedly because they were written.»
By quoting a famous philosopher and essayist about them of reading, you add legitimacy to your discussion. Not just can you regard reading to be an art and craft that is both difficult and important; so too does Henry David Thoreau, one of our most influential thinkers that are american. The quotation has elevated the amount of your work.
It is possible to quote to advantage figures that are well-respected’ve written or spoken in regards to the subject of one’s paper. Here is a discussion of space flight. Author David Chandler refers to a physicist and an astronaut:
A few scientists – notably James Van Allen, discoverer associated with Earth’s radiation belts – have decried the cost of this space that is manned and called for an almost exclusive concentration on unmanned scientific exploration instead, saying this could be far more cost-effective.
Other space scientists dispute that idea. Joseph Allen, physicist and shuttle that is former, says, «It seems to be argued that one takes from the other. But before there is a manned space program, the funding on space science was zero. Now it really is about $500 million a year.»
Note, first, that when you look at the paragraph that is first has either summarized or used an Indirect quotation to incorporate remarks created by James Van Allen to the discussion on space flight. Into the second paragraph, Chandler directly quotes his next source, Joseph Allen. Both quotations, indirect and direct, lend authority and legitimacy to the article, for both James Van Allen and Joseph Allen are experts about them of space flight. Note also that Chandler has provided brief but effective biographies of his sources, identifying both in buy custom essays online order that their qualifications to speak on the subject are recognized to all:
James Van Allen, discoverer associated with the Earth’s radiation belts .
Joseph Allen, physicist and former shuttle astronaut .
The phrases in italics are called appositives. Their function would be to rename the nouns they follow by providing explicit, identifying detail. Any information regarding a person that may be expressed into the following sentence pattern can be converted to an phrase that is appositive
James Van Allen is the discoverer of the Earth’s radiation belts.
James Van Allen has decried the cost associated with the manned space program
James Van Allen, discoverer of the Earth’s radiation belts, has decried the expense of this manned space program.
Use appositives to identify authors whom you quote.
Incorporating Quotations to your Sentences
Quoting Only the right part of a Sentence or Paragraph That You Need
while you’ve seen, a writer selects passages for quotation which are especially vivid and memorable, concise, or authoritative. Now we shall put these principles into practice. Suppose that while conducting research on the subject of college sports you have run into the following, authored by Robert Hutchins, former president for the University of Chicago:
If athleticism is bad for students, players, alumni and also the public, it is a whole lot worse when it comes to universites and colleges themselves. They want to be educational institutions, nonetheless they can not. The storyline for the halfback that is famous only regret, when he bade his coach farewell, was that he hadn’t learned to see and write is most likely exaggerated. But we should admit that pressure from trustees, graduates, «friends,» presidents and even professors has had a tendency to relax academic standards. These gentry often forget the proven fact that a college shouldn’t be interested in a fullback that is a half-wit. Recruiting, subsidizing additionally the double educational standard cannot exist with no knowledge plus the tacit approval, at the least, associated with universities and colleges themselves. Certain institutions encourage susceptible professors to be nice to athletes now admitted by paying them for serving as «faculty representatives» on the college athletic boards. 4
Suppose that with this entire paragraph you find a gem, a quotable grouping of words that will enliven your discussion. You might quote area of the following sentence:
These gentry often forget the known fact that a college should not be enthusiastic about a fullback who is a half-wit.
Incorporating the Quotation to the Flow of your very own Sentence
as soon as you’ve selected the passage you intend to quote, work the material to your paper in as natural and fluid a way that you can. Here’s how we would quote Hutchins:
Robert Hutchins, a president that is former of University of Chicago, asserts that «a college really should not be enthusiastic about a fullback who is a half-wit.»
Keep in mind that we’ve used an appositive to identify Hutchins. And now we’ve used just the an element of the paragraph – a clause that is single that we thought memorable adequate to quote directly.
Avoiding Freestanding Quotations
A quoted sentence should never stand by itself – such as the example that is following
Various people associated with the university admit that the pressures of athleticism have caused a relaxation of standards. «These gentry often overlook the proven fact that a college should not be enthusiastic about a fullback who is a half-wit.» But this kind of thinking is bad for the university as well as worse for the athletes.
Even you should not leave a quotation freestanding, as above, because the effect is frequently jarring to the reader if you include a parenthetical citation after the quotation. Introduce the quotation by attributing the foundation in some other area of the sentence – beginning, middle, or end. Thus, you can write:
in accordance with Robert Hutchins, «These gentry often disregard the known undeniable fact that a college really should not be enthusiastic about a fullback who is a half-wit.»
«These gentry,» asserts Robert Hutchins, «often overlook the undeniable fact that a college shouldn’t be enthusiastic about a fullback that is a half-wit.»
Another alternative is to introduce a quotation that is sentence-long a colon:
But Robert Hutchins disagrees: «These gentry often forget the proven fact that a college shouldn’t be interested in a fullback who is a half-wit.»
Use colons also to introduce indented quotations (as with the examples above).
When sources that are attributing make an effort to vary the typical «states,» «writes,» «says,» and so on. Other, stronger verbs you might consider: «asserts,» «argues,» «maintains,» «insists,» «asks,» and even «wonders.»
Using Ellipsis Marks
Using quotations is made somewhat complicated when you need to quote the beginning and end of a passage although not its middle – as was the situation whenever we quoted Henry David Thoreau. Listed here is area of the paragraph in Walden from which we quoted a sentences that are few
To read well, this is certainly, to read through true books in a true spirit, is a noble exercise, and something which will task the reader a lot more than any exercise that the customs for the day esteem. It takes a training such as the athletes underwent, the steady intention almost regarding the life time to the object. Books must be read as deliberately and reservedly because they were written. 5